Ibuprofen: what it treats and how to use it safely

Ibuprofen is one of the most common over-the-counter pain relievers. You probably reach for it for headaches, muscle aches, fever, or period pain. It works by blocking chemicals that cause pain and inflammation, so it helps swelling as well as pain. That makes it a go-to for sprains, dental pain, and many everyday aches.

Practical dosing and simple rules

Adults: most people take 200–400 mg every 4–6 hours as needed. Don’t exceed 1,200 mg per day without a doctor’s advice. In some medical settings a doctor may prescribe higher doses (up to 2,400 mg daily) — only under supervision. Take it with food or milk to reduce stomach upset.

Kids: use the liquid form and dose by weight. A common rule is 5–10 mg per kg every 6–8 hours, with a max of about 40 mg/kg in 24 hours. Always use the measuring device that comes with the product and check the label for age limits.

What to watch for — side effects and interactions

Ibuprofen is generally safe for short-term use, but it can cause problems. The main risks are stomach bleeding, kidney stress, and higher blood pressure. If you have stomach ulcers, kidney disease, heart disease, or are on blood thinners like warfarin, talk to your doctor before using ibuprofen.

Common interactions: combining ibuprofen with anticoagulants or some antidepressants raises bleeding risk. Using it with ACE inhibitors, ARBs, or diuretics can reduce kidney function, especially if you’re dehydrated. If you take low-dose aspirin for heart protection, ask your doctor — ibuprofen can interfere with aspirin’s benefit.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding: avoid ibuprofen in the third trimester. For earlier pregnancy or while breastfeeding, check with your clinician — many providers prefer acetaminophen for pain during pregnancy.

When to call your doctor: if you see black stools, vomit blood, have severe stomach pain, sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, swelling in the legs, or a big drop in urine output. Also seek help if pain or fever won’t budge after correct dosing.

Choosing between ibuprofen and acetaminophen? Use ibuprofen when inflammation (swelling) is part of the problem — for example, sprains or sore throats. Choose acetaminophen if you have stomach ulcers, are on blood thinners, or your doctor warns against NSAIDs. Both have limits: acetaminophen affects the liver, so watch alcohol and total daily dose.

Quick checklist before you take ibuprofen: 1) Know your dose and the 24-hour max; 2) Take with food; 3) Avoid mixing with other NSAIDs; 4) Check other medicines for interactions; 5) Stop and call a doctor for warning signs listed above.

If you’re unsure, ask your pharmacist or doctor — small questions now can prevent big problems later.